Vertical JFET limited silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors

ABSTRACT

Silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) may include an n-type silicon carbide drift layer, a first p-type silicon carbide region adjacent the drift layer and having a first n-type silicon carbide region therein, an oxide layer on the drift layer, and an n-type silicon carbide limiting region disposed between the drift layer and a portion of the first p-type region. The limiting region may have a carrier concentration that is greater than the carrier concentration of the drift layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/677,422, Filed Feb. 21, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,320 entitled METHODS OF FABRICATING VERTICAL JFET LIMITED SILICON CARBIDE METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/698,170, Filed Oct. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,221,010 entitled VERTICAL JFET LIMITED SILICON CARBIDE POWER METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/435,212, filed Dec. 20, 2002 entitled VERTICAL JFET LIMITED SILICON CARBIDE POWER METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS AND METHODS OF FABRICATING VERTICAL JFET LIMITED SILICON CARBIDE POWER METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties as if set forth fully herein.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

The present invention was made, at least in part, with support from the United States Office of Naval Research, contract number N00014-02-C-0302. The Government may have certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and the fabrication of semiconductor devices and more particularly, to silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and the fabrication of such MOSFETs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

To make a high current, high voltage, low on-resistance, vertical SiC power MOSFET has, so far, been impractical, at least in part, due to the poor surface mobility of electrons in the inversion layer. Recently, some processing techniques have been developed on a lateral MOSFET structure, which result in an improved surface electron mobility. However, a power MOSFET structure may involve additional processing including, for example, anneals at temperatures of greater than 1500° C. for the activation of p-type dopants, for example, p-well/p+ contact/p− Junction Termination Extension (JTE) implants. Such anneals may have detrimental impact on the performance of power MOSFETs fabricated using such techniques.

A number of silicon carbide power MOSFET structures have been described in the literature. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,421; A. K. Agarwal, J. B. Casady, L. B. Rowland, W. F. Valek, M. H. White, and C. D. Brandt, “1.1 kV 4H-SiC Power UMOSFET's,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 586-588, December 1997; A. K. Agarwal, J. B. Casady, L. B. Rowland, W. F. Valek and C. D. Brandt, “1400 V 4H-SiC Power MOSFETs,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 264-268, pp. 989-992, 1998; J. Tan, J. A. Cooper, Jr., and M. R. Melloch, “High-Voltage Accumulation-Layer UMOSFETs in 4H-SiC,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 487-489, December 1998; J. N. Shenoy, J. A. Cooper and M. R. Melloch, “High-Voltage Double-Implanted Power MOSFET's in 6H-SiC,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 93-95, March 1997; J. B. Casady, A. K. Agarwal, L. B. Rowland, W. F. Valek, and C. D. Brandt, “900 V DMOS and 1100 V UMOS 4H-SiC Power FETs,” IEEE Device Research Conference, Ft. Collins, Colo., Jun. 23-25, 1997; R. Schomer, P Friedrichs, D. Peters, H. Mitlehner, B. Weis and D. Stephani, “Rugged Power MOSFETs in 6H-SiC with Blocking Capability up to 1800 V,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 338-342, pp. 1295-1298, 2000; V. R. Vathulya and M. H. White, “Characterization of Channel Mobility on Implanted SiC to determine Polytype suitability for the Power DIMOS structure,” Electronic Materials Conference, Santa Barbara, Calif., Jun. 30-Jul. 2, 1999; A. V. Suvorov, L. A. Lipkin, G. M. Johnson, R. Singh and J. W. Palmour, “4H-SiC Self-Aligned Implant-Diffused Structure for Power DMOSFETs,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 338-342, pp. 1275-1278, 2000; P. M. Shenoy and B. J. Baliga, “The Planar 6H-SiC ACCUFET: A New High-Voltage Power MOSFET Structure,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 589-591, December 1997; Ranbir Singh, Sei-Hyung Ryu and John W. Palmour, “High Temperature, High Current, 4H-SiC Accu-DMOSFET,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 338-342, pp. 1271-1274, 2000; Y. Wang, C. Weitzel and M. Bhatnagar, “Accumulation-Mode SiC Power MOSFET Design Issues,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 338-342, pp. 1287-1290, 2000; and A. K. Agarwal, N. S. Saks, S. S, Mani, V. S. Hegde and P. A. Sanger, “Investigation of Lateral RESURF, 6H-SiC MOSFETs,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 338-342, pp. 1307-1310, 2000.

The existing SiC structures can, generally, be divided into three categories: (1) Trench or UMOSFET, (2) Vertical Doubly Implanted MOSFET (DIMOSFET), and (3) Lateral Diffused MOSFET (LDMOSFET). Of these structures, the vertical DIMOSFET structure, illustrated in FIG. 1, is a variation of the diffused (DMOSFET) structure employed in silicon technology. Typically, the p-wells are implanted with Al or Boron, the source regions (n⁺) are implanted with nitrogen or phosphorus, and the p⁺ regions are usually implanted with Al. The implants are activated at temperatures between 1400° C.-1700° C. The contacts to n⁺ layers are made with nickel (Ni) and annealed and the contacts to p⁺ are made by Ni, Ti or Ti/Al. Both contacts are annealed at high temperatures, The gate dielectric is, typically, either thermally grown (Thermal SiO₂) or deposited using Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) technique and subsequently annealed in various ambients. The deposited dielectric may, for example, be SiO₂ or an Oxide/Nitride/Oxide (ONO) stack.

The interface states near the conduction band edge tend to trap the otherwise free electrons from the inversion layer leaving a relatively small number of free electrons in the inversion layer. Also the trapped electrons may create negatively charged states at the interface which coulomb scatter the free electrons. The reduced number of free electrons and the increased scattering may reduce the conduction of current from source to drain, which may result in low effective mobility of electrons and a high on-resistance. Several factors have been attributed to the high density of states near the conduction band edge: (1) carbon or silicon dangling bonds, (2) carbon clusters, and (3) Si—Si bonds creating a thin amorphous silicon layer at the interface. See S. T. Pantelides, “Atomic Scale Engineering of SiC Dielectric Interfaces,” DARPA/MTO High Power and ONR Power Switching MURI Reviews, Rosslyn, Va., Aug. 10-12, 1999 and V. V. Afanas'ev, M, Bassler, G. Pensl, and M. Schulz, “Intrinsic SiC/SiO₂ Interface States,” Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), Vol. 162, pp. 321-337, 1997.

In addition to the high density of interface states, several other mechanisms have also been attributed to the poor mobility of inversion layer electrons: (1) Al segregating out of the Al-doped, p-type SiC, and (2) Surface roughness created by the high temperature activation of implanted impurities. See S. Sridevan, P. K, McLarty, and B. J. Baliga, “On the Presence of Aluminum in Thermally Grown Oxides on 6H-Silicon Carbide,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 136-138, March 1996 and M. A. Capano, S. Ryu, J. A. Cooper, Jr., M. R. Melloch, K. Rottner, S. Karlsson, N. Nordell, A. Powell, and D. E. Walker, Jr., “Surface Roughening in Ion Implanted 4H-Silicon Carbide,” Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 214-218, March, 1999. Researchers from Purdue University have concluded that a direct correlation exists between the inversion layer electron mobility and the implant activation temperature. Such research has concluded that lower implant activation temperature (1200° C.) leads to higher electron mobility and higher activation temperature (1400° C.) results in poor electron mobility. See M. K. Das, J. A. Cooper, Jr., M. R. Melloch, and M. A. Capano, “Inversion Channel Mobility in 4H- and 6H-SiC MOSFETs,” IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conference, San Diego, Calif., Dec. 3-5, 1998. These results have been obtained on planar MOSFETs, which do not utilize an implantation of the p-well. The p-well implanted impurity (Al or Boron) typically requires at least a 1500° C. activation temperature.

A further difficulty with DIMOSFETS may be associated with the “JFET” region of the device. As seen in FIG. 1, a depletion region may be formed in the n⁻ drift region around the p-well. This depletion region may effectively make the channel length longer than the p-well junction depth as current flow is provided around the depletion region. It has been suggested that a spacer implant be introduced between the p-well regions to alleviate this problem. See Vathulya et al., “A Novel 6H-SiC DMOSFET With Implanted P-Well Spacer”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 20, No. 7, p. 354, July 1999. This spacer implant does not extend past the p-well regions and does not significantly reduce the JFET resistance if the depletion region formed at the p-well and then drift region interface extends deep into the n drift region.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and methods of fabricating silicon carbide MOSFETs having an n-type silicon carbide drift layer, a first p-type silicon carbide region adjacent the drift layer and having a first n-type silicon carbide region therein, and an oxide layer on the drift layer. The MOSFETs also have an n-type silicon carbide limiting region disposed between the n-type silicon carbide drift layer and a portion of the first p-type silicon carbide region. In some embodiments, the n-type limiting region has a carrier concentration that is greater than the carrier concentration of the n-type silicon carbide drift layer.

In further embodiments of the present invention, the n-type silicon carbide limiting region is provided between the drift layer and a floor of the first p-type silicon carbide region. In still further embodiments, the n-type limiting region is also provided adjacent a sidewall of the first p-type silicon carbide region. In some embodiments of the present invention, a portion of the limiting region adjacent the floor of the first p-type region has a higher carrier concentration than a portion of the limiting region adjacent the sidewall of the first p-type region.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, the first p-type silicon carbide region is implanted with aluminum.

Further embodiments of the present invention provide a gate contact on the oxide layer, a source contact on the first n-type silicon carbide layer, and a drain contact on the drift layer opposite the oxide layer. In particular embodiments of the present invention, the gate contact is polysilicon (either p-type or n-type). In other embodiments, the gate contact is metal. In some embodiments, an n-type silicon carbide substrate is provided between the drift layer and the drain contact.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the n-type limiting region is provided by an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide on the n-type silicon carbide drift layer. In such embodiments, the first p-type region is provided in but not through the epitaxial layer of silicon carbide.

In further embodiments, the n-type limiting region is provided by an implanted n-type region in the drift layer. In some embodiments, the n-type limiting region has a thickness of from about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm. In certain embodiments, the n-type limiting region has a carrier concentration of from about 1×10¹⁵ to about 5×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.

In still further embodiments of the present invention, an n-type epitaxial layer is provided on the first p-type region and a portion of the first n-type region. The epitaxial layer is provided between the first n-type silicon carbide region and the first p-type silicon carbide region and the oxide layer.

In some embodiments, a second p-type silicon carbide region is provided within the first p-type silicon carbide region and adjacent the first n-type silicon carbide region.

In additional embodiments of the present invention, a silicon carbide device is provided having a drift layer of n-type silicon carbide and first regions of p-type silicon carbide. The first regions of p-type silicon carbide are spaced apart and have peripheral edges that define a first region of n-type silicon carbide therebetween. Second regions of n-type silicon carbide having a carrier concentration greater than a carrier concentration of the drift layer are provided in the first regions of p-type silicon carbide and are spaced apart from the peripheral edges of the first regions of p-type silicon carbide. An oxide layer is provided on the drift layer, the first region of n-type silicon carbide and the second regions of n-type silicon carbide. Third regions of n-type silicon carbide having a carrier concentration greater than the carrier concentration of the drift layer are provided beneath the first regions of p-type silicon carbide and between the first regions of p-type silicon carbide and the drift layer. Source contacts are provided on portions of the second regions of n-type silicon carbide. A gate contact is provided on the oxide layer, and a drain contact is provided on the drift layer opposite the oxide layer.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, the third regions of n-type silicon carbide are also provided adjacent the peripheral edges of the first regions of p-type silicon carbide that define the first region of n-type silicon carbide. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the first region of n-type silicon carbide and the third regions of n-type silicon carbide are provided by a first n-type silicon carbide epitaxial layer on the drift layer, and the first regions of p-type silicon carbide are provided in the first n-type silicon carbide epitaxial layer. In other embodiments of the present invention, the third regions of n-type silicon carbide are provided by implanted n-type regions in the drift layer.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the first region of n-type silicon carbide is a region of the drift layer. In other embodiments, the first region of n-type silicon carbide may have a higher carrier concentration than the carrier concentration of the drift layer, and may have a lower carrier concentration than the carrier concentration of the third regions of n-type silicon carbide.

In still further embodiments of the present invention, an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide is provided on the first p-type regions and the first region of n-type silicon carbide.

In other embodiments of the present invention, an n-type silicon carbide layer with a higher carrier concentration than the drift layer is provided between the drift layer and the drain contact. In such embodiments, the n-type silicon carbide layer may be an n-type silicon carbide substrate.

In further embodiments, second p-type silicon carbide regions are provided within the first p-type silicon carbide regions.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the third regions of n-type silicon carbide have a thickness of from about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm and a carrier concentration of from about 1×10¹⁵ to about 5×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.

In additional embodiments of the present invention, a silicon carbide device is provided having an n-type silicon carbide drift layer, spaced apart p-type silicon carbide well regions, and an n-type silicon carbide limiting region between the well regions and the drift layer. In particular embodiments, the n-type limiting region is provided between the spaced apart p-type well regions. In some embodiments, the n-type limiting region has a higher carrier concentration than a carrier concentration of the drift layer. In further embodiments, the n-type limiting region is provided by an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide on the drift layer, and the p-type well regions are provided in but not through the epitaxial layer.

Methods of fabricating devices according to embodiments of the present invention are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional DIMOSFET;

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a SiC MOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of a SiC MOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a SiC MOSFET according to further embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A through 4H illustrate processing steps in the fabrication of MOSFETS according to various embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 5A through 5D illustrate processing steps in the fabrication of MOSFETS according to further embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are simulation results for a conventional DIMOSFET illustrating on-state resistance and oxide field voltage versus gap between the p-well regions of the simulated device;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are simulation results for a DIMOSFET with a implanted spacer illustrating on-state resistance and oxide field voltage versus gap between the p-well regions of the simulated device;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are simulation results for a DIMOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention illustrating on-state resistance and oxide field voltage versus gap between the p-well regions of the simulated device;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are experimentally obtained I-V curves for a DIMOSFET with a implanted spacer (FIG. 9A) and a DIMOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention (FIG. 9B); and

FIGS. 10A and 10B are experimentally obtained reverse bias leakage current plots for a DIMOSFET with a implanted spacer (FIG. 10A) and a DIMOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention (FIG. 10B).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. As illustrated in the Figures, the sizes of layers or regions are exaggerated for illustrative purposes and, thus, are provided to illustrate the general structures of the present invention. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Embodiments of the present invention provide silicon carbide MOSFETs and/or methods of fabricating silicon carbide MOSFETs which may reduce on-state resistance of a device. While the inventors do not wish to be bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that by reducing the depletion region beneath the p-well of the MOSFET, the length of the current path may be reduced and, therefore, the on-state resistance of the device may be reduced over that of a similarly sized conventional MOSFET. Furthermore, by reducing the depletion region in the JFET gap, device areas may be reduced by reducing the size of the JFET gap.

MOSFETs according to embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 2A. As seen in FIG. 2A, in particular embodiments of the present invention, a lightly doped n⁻ drift layer 12 of silicon carbide is on an optional n⁺ layer 10 of silicon carbide. The n⁻ drift layer 12 may be a substrate or an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide and may, for example, be 4H polytype silicon carbide. In certain embodiments, the n⁻ drift layer 12 has a carrier concentration of from about 10¹⁴ to about 5×10¹⁶ cm⁻³. Furthermore, in some embodiments of the present invention, the drift layer 12 has a thickness of from about 5 μm to about 150 μm. Furthermore, the n⁺ layer 10 may be an implanted layer or region, an epitaxial layer or a substrate. In some embodiments, the n⁺ layer has a carrier concentration of from about 10¹⁸ to about 10²¹ cm⁻³.

A region of higher carrier concentration n-type silicon carbide 26 is provided on the drift layer 12. The region 26 has a higher carrier concentration than the carrier concentration of the drift layer 12 and provides an embodiment of a JFET limiting region 26 a between a floor 20 a of the p-wells 20 and the drift layer 12. The region 26 may be provided by epitaxial growth or by implantation. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the region 26 has thickness of from about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm. Also, the region 26 may have a carrier concentration of from about 10¹⁵ to about 5×10¹⁷ cm⁻³. The region 26 may have a uniform carrier concentration or a non-uniform carrier concentration.

As is further seen in FIG. 2A, spaced apart regions of p-type silicon carbide provide p-wells 20 in the region 26. The p-wells 20 are implanted so as to extend into but not through the region 26 such that a region of higher carrier concentration n-type silicon carbide 26 a is provided between a floor 20 a of the p-wells 20 and the drift layer 12. In particular embodiments, the portion of the region 26 in the gap 21 between the p-wells 20 has a higher carrier concentration than the drift layer 12. In other embodiments of the present invention, the portion of the region 26 in the gap 21 between the p-wells 20 has the same carrier concentration as the drift layer 12. Thus, the portion of the region 26 adjacent the sidewalls of the p-wells 20 may have the same or higher carrier concentration than the drift layer 12 while the portion 26 a of the region 26 adjacent the floor 20 a of the p-wells 20 has a higher carrier concentration than the drift layer 12. In particular embodiments, the p-wells 20 have a carrier concentration of from about 10¹⁶ to about 10¹⁹ cm⁻³. Furthermore, the p-wells 20 may provide a junction depth of from about 0.3 μm to about 1.2 μm.

An example of embodiments of the present invention where the gap 21 and the area beneath the p-wells 20 have different carrier concentrations is illustrated in FIG. 2B. As seen in FIG. 2B, regions 26′ are provided beneath the floor of the p-wells 20 and between the p-wells 20 and the drift layer 12 to provide the JFET limiting regions. However, the drift layer 12 is provided in the gap 21 between the p-wells 20. The regions 26′ may be provided, for example, by implanting n-type regions 26′ in the drift layer 12 using a mask and implanting the p-wells 20 so that the depth of the p-wells 20 in the drift layer 12 is less than the greatest depth of the regions 26′ in the drift layer 12. Similarly, an n-well could be formed in the drift layer 12 and the p-wells 20 formed in the n-well.

In some embodiments, the p-wells 20 are implanted with Al and annealed at a temperature of at least about 1500° C. However, other suitable p-type dopant may be utilized in providing the p-wells 20. The doping profile of the p-wells 20 may be a substantially uniform profile, a retrograde profile (increasing doping with depth) or the p-wells may be totally buried (with some n-type silicon carbide above the p-wells 20). In some embodiments, the p-wells 20 may have carrier concentrations of from about 1×10¹⁶ to about 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ and may extend into the region 26 or the n⁻ drift layer 12 from about 0.3 μm to about 1.2 μm. While various p-type dopants may be utilized, Al is utilized in some embodiments because Boron tends to diffuse over several microns when annealed at temperatures exceeding 1500° C. Therefore, it may be difficult to control the precise gap between the p-wells 20 (the region which may be referred to as the JFET region 21) and/or the depth of the p-wells 20. If this gap is too high, the field in the gate oxide can become too high when the device is in the blocking state. However, if the gap is too narrow, the resistance of the JFET region 21 may become very high. Accordingly, gaps of from about 1 μm to about 10 μm are preferred. The particular gap utilized for a given device may depend upon the desired blocking voltage and on-state resistance of the device.

Regions of n⁺ silicon carbide 24 and, optionally, regions of p⁺ silicon carbide 22 are disposed within the p-wells 20. In some embodiments, the regions of n⁺ silicon carbide 24 are spaced from about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm from the edge of the p-wells 20 adjacent the JFET region 21. The regions of n⁺ silicon carbide 24 may have a doping concentration of from about 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ to about 10²¹ cm⁻³ and may extend to a depth of from about 0.1 μm to about 0.8 μm into the p-wells 20 but are shallower than the depth of the p-wells 20. Suitable n-type dopants include phosphorous and nitrogen or other n-type dopants known to those of skill in the art. The optional regions of p⁺ silicon carbide 22 may be adjacent the regions of n⁺ silicon carbide 24 and opposite the edge of the p-wells 20. The regions of p⁺ silicon carbide 22 may have a doping concentration of from about 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ to about 10²¹ cm⁻³ and may extend to a depth of from about 0.2 μm to about 1.2 μm into the p-wells 20 but are shallower than the depth of the p-wells 20.

The gate oxide 28 extends at least between the n⁺ regions of silicon carbide 24 and has a gate contact 32 thereon. In some embodiments, the gate oxide 28 may be either a thermally grown oxide with an NO or N₂O anneal or Oxide/Nitride/Oxide (ONO) where the first oxide is a thermal oxide followed by an NO or N₂O anneal. The gate contact material may be any suitable contact material. In some embodiments, the gate contact material is molybdenum or p-type polysilicon. P-type polysilicon may be suitable in some embodiments because of its high work function. The thickness of the gate oxide 28 may depend on the work function of the material of the gate contact 32. However, in general, thicknesses of from about 100 Å to about 5000 Å are preferred.

One or more source contacts 30 and a drain contact 34 are also provided. Source contacts 30, in some embodiments are formed of nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt) or aluminum (Al), combinations thereof and/or other suitable contact materials and may be annealed at temperatures of from about 600° C. to about 1000° C., for example, 825° C., so as to provide an ohmic contact to both the p⁺ regions 22 and the n⁺ regions 24. The drain contact 34 may be Ni or Ti or other such suitable material for forming an ohmic contact to n-type silicon carbide.

Differing or the same contact materials may be utilized to contact the p⁺ regions 22 and the n⁺ regions 24. Furthermore, while not illustrated in the Figures, one or more metal overlayers may be provided on one or more of the contacts. Techniques and materials for providing metal overlayers are known to those of skill in the art and, therefore, are not discussed further herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates further alternative embodiments of the present invention which utilize a re-grown epitaxial layer. As seen in FIG. 3, a thin layer of silicon carbide 27 is re-grown on the p-wells 20 after implanting and annealing the p-wells and extends across the region 26 in the JFET region. Embodiments such as illustrated in FIG. 2B may also be modified to include such a re-grown epitaxial layer that is re-grown on the p-wells 20 after implanting and annealing the p-wells and extends across the drift layer 12 in the JFET region. The n⁺ regions of silicon carbide 24 may be formed through the re-grown silicon carbide layer 27 and/or prior to re-growth. The re-grown silicon carbide layer 27 may have a thickness of from about 0.05 μm to about 1 μm in come embodiments. The re-grown silicon carbide layer 27 may be n-type silicon carbide. In certain embodiments, the re-grown silicon carbide layer 27 has a doping of from about 5×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ to about 5×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.

As is further seen in FIG. 3, because of the regrown silicon carbide layer 27, a contact window is provided through the silicon carbide layer 27 to provide a contact 30′ to the optional p⁺ regions 22 or to the p-wells 20 if the p⁺ regions 22 are not present. The contact 30′ may be made of any suitable material for forming an ohmic contact as described above.

While FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 illustrate embodiments of the present invention as discrete devices, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 may be considered unit cells of devices having multiple cells. Thus, for example, additional unit cells may be incorporated into the devices illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 by dividing the device along its central axis (illustrated as the vertical axis in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3) and rotating the divided device about an axis of the periphery of the devices illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 (the vertical edges of the devices illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3). Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention include devices such as those illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 as well as devices having a plurality of unit cells incorporating the JFET limiting regions illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3.

Fabrication of devices according to embodiments of the present invention having a JFET limiting region provided by an epitaxial layer will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4A through 4H and 5A through 5D. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure, embodiments of the present invention having a JFET limiting region provided by implantation may be provided by modifying the operations described herein to provide such implanted regions as described above.

As seen in FIG. 4A, an n-type silicon carbide epitaxial layer 26 is formed on the drift layer 12. The n-type epitaxial layer 26 may be formed to the thickness and doping levels described above, As seen in FIG. 4B, a mask 100 is formed and patterned on the n-type epitaxial layer 26 and impurities are implanted into the n-type epitaxial layer 26 to provide the p-wells 20. The implanted impurities may be implanted to the depths described above and to provide the desired carrier concentrations when activated. Alternatively, the drift layer 12 may be provided on an n⁺ silicon carbide substrate. In such embodiments, the n⁺ layer described below may be provided by the substrate.

As is seen in FIG. 4C, the mask 100 is removed and a mask 104 is formed and patterned and n-type impurities are implanted utilizing the mask 104 to provide the n⁺ regions 24. The mask 104 is formed to provide the desired spacing between the periphery of the p-wells 20 and the n⁺ regions 24 that defines the channel length of the shorting channels 26. Suitable n-type impurities include nitrogen and phosphorous. Furthermore, the impurities may be implanted to provide the dimensions and carrier concentrations of the n⁺ regions 24 described herein.

FIG. 4D illustrates the formation of the optional p⁺ regions. The mask 104 is removed and a mask 106 is formed and patterned and p-type impurities are implanted utilizing the mask 106 to provide the p⁺ regions 22. The p-type impurities may be implanted to provide the dimensions and carrier concentrations of the p⁺ regions 22 described herein. In some embodiments, the p-type impurity is aluminum, however, other suitable p-type impurities may also be utilized.

FIG. 4E illustrates the removal of the mask 106 as well as the creation of the n⁺ layer 10, which may be formed by a backside implant of n-type impurities in a substrate or may be an epitaxial layer or the substrate itself and may be formed prior to FIG. 4A. The structure is also annealed at a temperature of from about 1200° C. to about 1800° C. for durations from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours to activate the implanted p-type and n-type impurities. Optionally, the structure may be capped with a dielectric layer, such as SiO₂ or Si₃N₄, to protection the structure during annealing. Alternatively, in embodiments where the gate oxide is annealed after formation to improve the SiC/SiO₂ interface, the activation of such impurities may be provided by such anneal.

FIG. 4F illustrates the formation of the gate oxide 28. The gate oxide may be thermally grown and may be a nitrided oxide and/or may be other oxides. The nitrided oxide may be any suitable gate oxide, however, in certain embodiments, SiO₂, oxynitride or ONO are utilized. Formation of the gate oxide or the initial oxide of an ONO gate dielectric may be followed by an anneal in N₂O or NO so as to reduce defect density at the SiC/oxide interface. In particular embodiments, the gate oxide is formed either by thermal growth or deposition and then annealed in an N₂O environment at a temperature of greater than about 1100° C. and flow rates of from about 2 to about 8 SLM which may provide initial residence times of the N₂O of from about 11 to about 45 seconds. Such formation and annealing of an oxide layer on silicon carbide are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/834,283, entitled “Method of N₂O Annealing an Oxide Layer on a Silicon Carbide Layer”, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/237,822 entitled “Method of N₂O Growth of an oxide layer on a Silicon Carbide Layer” filed May 30, 2001, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/968,391 entitled “Method Of NO Growth Of An Oxide On A Silicon Carbide Layer” filed Oct. 1, 2001, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/045,542 entitled “Method Of Fabricating an Oxide Layer on a Silicon Carbide Layer Utilizing an Anneal in a Hydrogen Environment” filed Oct. 26, 2001, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth fully herein.

Additionally, an N₂O grown oxide may also be utilized as described in J. P. Xu, P. T. Lai, C. L. Chan, B. Li, and Y. C. Cheng, “Improved Performance and Reliability of N₂O-Grown Oxynitride on 6H-SiC,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 298-300, June 2000. Techniques as described in L. A. Lipkin and J. W. Palmour, “Low interface state density oxides on p-type SiC,” Materials Science Forum Vols. 264-268, pp. 853-856, 1998 may also be utilized. Alternatively, for thermally grown oxides, a subsequent NO anneal of the thermally grown SiO₂ layer may be provided to reduce the interface trap density as is described in M. K. Das, L. A. Lipkin, J. W. Palmour, G. Y. Chung, J. R. Williams, K. McDonald, and L. C. Feldman, “High Mobility 4H-SiC Inversion Mode MOSFETs Using Thermally Grown, NO Annealed SiO₂,” IEEE Device Research Conference, Denver, Colo., Jun. 19-21, 2000; G. Y. Chung, C. C. Tin, J. R. Williams, K. McDonald, R. A. Weller, S. T. Pantelides, L. C. Feldman, M. K. Das, and J. W. Palmour, “Improved Inversion Channel Mobility for 4H-SiC MOSFETs Following High Temperature Anneals in Nitric Oxide,” IEEE Electron Device Letters accepted for publication; and G. Y. Chung, C. C. Tin, J. R. Williams, K. McDonald, M. Di Ventra, S. T. Pantelides, L. C. Feldman, and R. A. Weller, “Effect of nitric oxide annealing on the interface trap densities near the band edges in the 4H polytype of silicon carbide,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 76, No. 13, pp. 1713-1715, March 2000. Oxynitrides may be provided as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/878,442, entitled “High Voltage, High Temperature Capacitor Structures and Methods of Fabrication” filed Jun. 11, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth fully herein.

FIG. 4G illustrates formation of the gate contact 32. As described above, the gate contact 32 may be p-type polysilicon and/or may be other suitable contact material and may be formed and patterned utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art. Alternatively, the oxide 28 of FIG. 4F and the gate contact 32 may be formed and patterned together. Finally, FIG. 4H illustrates formation of the source and drain contacts 30 and 34 respectively, that may be formed by evaporative deposition, sputtering or other such techniques known to those of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the source and drain contacts 30 and 34 are nickel which is annealed at about 825° C. after formation so as to improve the quality of the ohmic contact.

FIGS. 5A through 5D illustrate operations in the fabrication of devices according to alternative embodiments of the present invention utilizing a regrown epitaxial layer. Operations for fabrication of the devices are the same as those described above with reference to FIGS. 4A through 4E and continue with the operations illustrated in FIG. 5A. As seen in FIG. 5A, an n-type epitaxial layer 27 is formed on the structure of FIG. 4E. Such growth may be provided before or after annealing to activate the implants. The epitaxial layer 27 is patterned to extend between the implanted regions 24 as seen in FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B also illustrates the formation of the gate oxide 28. In some embodiments, the gate oxide 28 is thermally grown and may be a nitrided oxide. The nitrided oxide may be any suitable gate oxide, however, SiO₂, oxynitride or ONO may be preferred. Formation of the gate oxide may be carried out as described above with reference to FIG. 4F.

FIG. 5C illustrates formation of source contacts 30′. As seen in FIG. 5C, windows are opened in the gate oxide 28 corresponding to the location of the p⁺ regions 22 and/or n⁺ regions 24. The contacts 30′ are then formed in the window. FIG. 5D illustrates formation of the gate contact 32 and the source contacts 30′. Alternatively, the oxide 28 of FIG. 5D and the gate contact 32 may be formed together. Thus, the gate contact may be formed and patterned prior to opening windows for the source contacts. As described above, the gate contact 32 may be p-type polysilicon or may be other suitable contact material and may be formed and patterned utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art. Source contacts 30′ may be formed by evaporative deposition, sputtering or other such techniques known to those of skill in the art. Finally, FIG. 5D also illustrates formation of the drain contact 34 which may be formed by evaporative deposition, sputtering or other such techniques known to those of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the source and drain contacts 30′ and 34 are nickel which is annealed at temperature of from about 600° C. to about 1000° C., for example, about 825° C., after formation so as to improve the quality of the ohmic contact.

In addition to the embodiments described herein, embodiments of the JFET limiting regions may also be provided in DMOSFETs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/911,995 filed Jul. 24, 2001 and entitled “Silicon Carbide Power Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors Having a Shorting Channel and Methods of Fabricating Silicon Carbide Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors Having a Shorting Channel,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein as if set forth fully.

While embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to particular sequences of operations, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, certain operations within the sequence may be reordered while still benefiting from the teachings of the present invention. For example, in particular embodiments of the present invention, the formation of the n⁺ regions 24 and the p⁺ regions 22 may be reversed. Accordingly, the present invention should not be construed as limited to the exact sequence of operations described herein.

FIGS. 6A through 8B are 2D simulation results for various DMOSFET structures illustrating on-state resistance or oxide field strength versus JFET gap distance. FIGS. 6A and 6B are simulation results for a conventional DMOSFET having a 6×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ and 115 μm thick drift layer and 10 μm wide p-wells that extend 0.75 μm into the drift layer. FIGS. 7A and 7B are simulation results for a DMOSFET having a 6×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ and 115 μm thick drift layer, 10 μm wide p-wells that extend 0.75 μm into the drift layer and a 5×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ spacer implant that extends 0.75 μm into the drift layer. FIGS. 8A and 8B are simulation results for a DMOSFET according to embodiments of the present invention having a 6×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ and 115 μm thick drift layer, 10 μm wide p-wells that extend 0.75 μm into a 5×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ epitaxial layer that is 1.75 μm thick. As seen in FIGS. 6A through 8B, embodiments of the present invention may provide narrower JFET gaps for a given maximum oxide field as well as reduced on state resistance.

FIG. 9A is a measured I-V curve for a DMOSFET without the JFET limiting region according to embodiments of the present invention and FIG. 9B is a measured I-V curve for a DMOSFET with JFET limiting regions according to embodiments of the present invention. As seen in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the measured on-state resistance is reduced from 266 mΩ-cm² to 189 mΩ-cm². Furthermore, FIG. 10A is a measured drain leakage current trace for a DMOSFET without the JFET limiting region according to embodiments of the present invention and FIG. 10B is a measured drain leakage trace for a DMOSFET with JFET limiting regions according to embodiments of the present invention. As seen in FIGS. 10A and 10B, both devices had a breakdown voltage of greater than 3150 V.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor comprising: a silicon carbide drift layer of a first conductivity type; spaced apart silicon carbide well regions of a second conductivity type adjacent the drift layer; and a silicon carbide region of the first conductivity type disposed between the well regions and the drift layer, the silicon carbide region of the first conductivity a first portion laterally extending along respective floors of the well regions and a second portion extending along respective sidewalls of the well regions, wherein the first portion has a higher carrier concentration than the second portion.
 2. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the second portion has have a higher carrier concentration than the drift layer.
 3. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the silicon carbide region of the first conductivity type has a thickness of about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm, and a carrier concentration of about 1×10¹⁵ to about 5×10¹⁷ cm⁻³.
 4. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the silicon carbide region of the first conductivity type comprises an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide on the drift layer.
 5. The transistor of claim 4, wherein the well regions are disposed in but not through the epitaxial layer of silicon carbide.
 6. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type, and wherein the second conductivity type is p-type.
 7. The transistor of claim 6, wherein the silicon carbide region of the first conductivity type comprises an implanted n-type region in the drift layer.
 8. The transistor of claim 6, wherein the p-type well regions comprise aluminum implanted regions in the drift layer.
 9. The transistor of claim 6, further comprising: respective n-type silicon carbide regions within the p-type silicon carbide well regions.
 10. The transistor of claim 9, further comprising: an oxide layer on the drift layer, the well regions, and the respective n-type silicon carbide regions; a gate contact on the oxide layer; source contacts on the respective n-type silicon carbide regions at opposite sides of the oxide layer; and a drain contact under the drift layer and opposite the oxide layer.
 11. The transistor of claim 10, further comprising: an n-type epitaxial layer on the well regions and on portions of the respective n-type silicon carbide regions within the well regions, wherein the n-type epitaxial layer is disposed between the well regions and the oxide layer.
 12. The transistor of claim 10, wherein the gate contact comprises polysilicon or metal.
 13. The transistor of claim 10, further comprising an n-type silicon carbide substrate disposed between the drift layer and the drain contact.
 14. The transistor of claim 10, further comprising: respective p-type silicon carbide regions disposed within the well regions and adjacent the respective n-type silicon carbide regions, wherein the source contacts extend on the respective p-type silicon carbide regions.
 15. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, comprising: an n-type silicon carbide drift layer; a first p-type silicon carbide region on the drift layer; a first n-type silicon carbide region within the first p-type silicon carbide region; and a second n-type silicon carbide region disposed between the first p-type silicon carbide region and the drift layer, the second n-type silicon carbide region comprising a lateral portion extending beneath the first p-type silicon carbide region and a vertical portion extending along a sidewall of the first p-type silicon carbide region, wherein a carrier concentration of the vertical portion is lower than a carrier concentration of the lateral portion.
 16. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor according to claim 15, wherein the carrier concentration of the vertical portion is higher than the carrier concentration of the drift layer.
 17. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor according to claim 15, further comprising: an n-type epitaxial layer on the first p-type silicon carbide region and a portion of the first n-type region, and disposed between the first p-type silicon carbide region and the oxide layer.
 18. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor according to claim 15, further comprising: an oxide layer on the drift layer, the first p-type silicon carbide region, and the first n-type silicon carbide region; a gate contact on the oxide layer; a source contact on the first n-type silicon carbide region; and a drain contact under the drift layer and opposite the oxide layer.
 19. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor of claim 15, wherein the first p-type silicon carbide region comprises a silicon carbide region implanted with aluminum.
 20. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor filed effect transistor according to claim 19, wherein the second n-type silicon carbide region comprises an implanted n-type region, in the drift layer, wherein a depth of the first p-type silicon carbide region is less than a depth of the second n-type silicon carbide region.
 21. A silicon carbide metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor according to claim 19, wherein the second n-type silicon carbide region comprises an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide on the drift layer, and wherein the first p-type silicon carbide region is disposed in but not through the epitaxial layer of silicon carbide. 